Gbagbo fighters patrolling Abidjan: No wonder they lost! Call that stubbie a Technical?
Today the action moves south, off the Libyan beaches and into the rain forest of the Ivory Coast, where rebel forces have just taken the big city, Abidjan. It just cheers me up to write a good old-school line like that: “Rebel forces have just taken the big city…”
But although they moved fast at the end, it’s been a long, slow wrestle in Ivory Coast, with the Muslims from the North getting stronger year by year and the old French-trained coastal Christian tribes losing out so slowly they couldn’t believe it themselves.
I wrote a column about the long war in Ivory Coast back in 2002. I just went back and looked it over and I’m kinda proud to say that it holds up so well I might just as well have written it last week. Here’s the key point from that column:
“What’s happening in Ivory Coast is just another episode in one long, slow war that’s going on all across the middle of Africa. Remember that weird deal when they had to move the Miss World competition from Northern Nigeria because the local Muslims didn’t like it? That’s the same war as what’s going on in IC. Nigeria is like a bigger version of IC, with the same basic divisions: basically, it’s the Coastal people who are sort of Europeanized vs. the inland people, sort of African hillbillies. This coast/inland divide runs all across Africa but it’s specially nasty on the West Coast.
“It all has to do with the way Africa got religion. There were two big religions moving in on the continent. The Muslims were slowly pushing south, and the Christians were moving inland from their little outposts on the Atlantic. Later the Christians also started pushing up the rivers, from the rubber-growing regions down around Congo. So the poor old tribal gods were getting knocked down in a kind of domino race, with the Imams pushing them down north-to-south, and the missionaries shoving them inland.
This is where a lot of these African civil wars come from. Way back in the sixties, Nigeria had the biggest and bloodiest “civil war” of’em all, when the Ibo (or Igbo) tribe decided it was sick of being lumped together with the Hausa and the Yoruba. The Ibo declared independence and set up their own country, “Biafra.” (If you were ever into that punk shit, you probably figured out that’s where Jello Biafra got his name from.) The Ibo had turned Christian way back, and they didn’t have a lot in common with the Hausa, who are crazy Muslims, or the Yoruba. It turned into a real bloody mess fast. The Ibo were more mechanically savvy than the inland, hillbilly Muslims, so they won a lot of battles early on. But the rest of Africa didn’t want Nigeria carved up, and they all piled on against Biafra. They cut off supplies, and the Ibo started dying in big numbers. Those were the original pictures of starving African kids. Finally they gave up and sorta sulked back into the Nigerian fold. But they’re not happy about it, and neither are the Muslims who fought to keep them there. Basically, they hate each other and always will. Coast against inland; Christian against Muslim.” (War Nerd, “Live from the Skeleton Coast,” 2002)
In Ivory Coast, this latest flare-up came when the Coastal/Christian presidential candidate, Laurent Gbagbo, wouldn’t admit he lost the 2010 election. Most of the Jimmy-Carter types who like to sniff around other countries’ ballot boxes agree that Gbagbo lost to the Muslim Northerner Alassane Ouattara beat Gbagbo 54% to 46%.
By the way, I’ve noticed something that helps with these French West African names. Take the winner here, “Ouattara.” The thing is, a lot of West African names seem to start with a “W” sound and the French, for some wacky reason they could probably explain if they felt like it, can’t just write out a “W.” So instead they try to sound it out like a brain-damaged cockatoo: “Ooooo…uuuu….aaaa…ttara!” It’d be a lot simpler if they’d just come out and say “Wattara.” Nice simple name. Same with the guy’s first name, which they write out as “Alassane.” Makes him sound like the leader of the hissing-snakes party. Look, he’s a Muslim, they don’t allow that many given names and his is just your standard garden-variety “Al-Hassan.” OK? So the dude’s name is Al-Hassan Wattara, same as the Pal behind the counter at your corner liquor store.
Now the name of the other candidate, “Gbagbo”…sorry, but you’re on your own with Gbagbo. Sometimes when these names start with an “N” before another consonant I can say them, like “Nkunda”—just say it like “Kunda” if you had a bad cold with a blocked nose. But a “g” at the beginning, then a “b”? Man, that’s out of my pronouncing league. Maybe that’s why he lost, nobody could even say his name.
Laurent Gbagbo’s mug shot as student-radical nerd: You can’t get much more civilized than that!
If you’re somewhere in a safe country and feeling nice and smug you wonder, “Why can’t these people just accept the democratic vote count like civilized people? Well, for starters, they’re civilized as Hell in Ivory Coast. Never went in for chopping off hands and feet, used to make a decent living selling cacao and coffee, prided themselves on their culture. Gbagbo, the man with the name nobody can pronounce, is a lot more civilized than me, that’s for sure. He’s got a Ph.D. in History, used to lecture at French universities, and when he was a little kid his friends called him “Cicero” because he’d rather read Latin classics than go outside and play.
Besides, I seem to remember a certain civilized country that was about ready to go to war in 2000 over election results in a corrupt jungle province known as “Florida”—and don’t tell me there’s any place on this planet more corrupt than Florida. Ivory Coast is frickin’ Sweden compared to Florida.
In fact the Africans told a great joke about our 2000 election fight: “Do you Americans expect us to believe that the election was decided in favor of the former leader’s son…in the province where his brother was governor…because the voting machines did not work and the ballots were lost? And you people are lecturing US on democracy!”
There are a lot of similarities, us and them. Ivory Coast used to be the rich country in West Africa, just like we used to be the rich country in North America. And just like us, they had tons of illegal immigrants from poorer places, landlocked sweatboxes like Burkina Fasso, with a GDP measured in scorpions and diseases. And a huge number of those illegal immigrants voted. The Burnkina Fasso immigrants were all Muslim and they voted for Ouattara. How would you feel if the US election was decided by illegal Muslim immigrants? Well, that’s how Gbagbo and his coastal Christians felt. I mean, it’s got to be frustrating; you see that the French are the big new power and you let your own African identity get Frenchified for generations and then out of the blue the power shifts and you’re losing out to Muslim hillbillies who don’t even have citiizenship. Everything you’ve built up for generations, all the stuff you’ve paid for in shame for generations getting ordered around by the whites, and now it’s for nothing? All thanks to this goddamn democratic one-man-one-vote thing the French brought in themselves just before they snagglepussed out? I can see why Gbagbo and his people had as their campaign slogan, “We win or we win,” meaning no prisoners, no handshakes and “I wish my opponent all the best” speeches, because it’s their whole world hanging there. Just ask the Igbo what happens when you lose one of these wars.
The only is in countries like Ivory Coast, they hate each other in French, and in Nigeria they hate each other in English. Good French and good English—there’s a lot of very educated people in both those countries. Every time another shock zaps the homeland, the educated elite runs off to Paris or London and the country goes a little more feral.
The question is: why wouldn’t Gbagbo’s troops fight? It’s pretty clear they wouldn’t. The Muslim rebels who call themselves the New Forces (FN in that annoying French way of reversing stuff) walked south with no trouble until they hit Abidjan, Gbagbo’s core city, where his relations and pet militia, the “Patriotic Youth,” have done some resisting.
But this has been a typical West African war in terms of combat, as in there isn’t any. That’s not something you need to explain away because it’s the norm. What’s odd is “battle”—two roughly equal sides duking it out. What’s happened here is the human norm: one side moving forward and the other running away. I’ll try to talk tomorrow about why that happens, and what it takes to make your side stand and fight.
Would you like to know more? Gary Brecher is the author of the War Nerd. Send your comments to brecher@exiledonline.com. Read Gary Brecher’s first ever War Nerd column by clicking here.
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Read more: Alassane Ouattara, france, ivory coast, laurent Gbagbo, Gary Brecher, The War Nerd
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42 Comments
Add your own1. Soj | April 1st, 2011 at 9:28 am
Damn, now I want to eat some chocolate
2. Jack Boot | April 1st, 2011 at 9:55 am
The solution is blindingly obvious: Bust it up! (better still, let it bust itself up)
If nature is allowed to take its course, this will end with the Christian Ebony Coast in the South, and Muslim Ivoiristan in the North.
Ditto Nigeria & all the rest.
But nooo: The outside world (ie the USA), like some meddlesome marriage counsellor, will try to patch up the unpatchable. “Yes, I know your husband tried to murder you; but you can make it work if you really, really try!”
The USA must overcome this absurd, Civil War-bred phobia about “breaking up countries”.
IC ain’t a real country, folks…
3. Really? | April 1st, 2011 at 10:08 am
Aww, bit disappointing….
No word of Outtara being the man of the IMF, selling out water,electricity, and railways to the French. And Gbagbo: just nerd but not anticolonialist socialist-teacher-torching-French-soldiers-in 94-nerd.
🙁
4. Really? | April 1st, 2011 at 10:16 am
sorry, I mean torching French in 2004 of course^^
5. Leno | April 1st, 2011 at 10:53 am
Ignore the G, my friend. It’s “Bag-Bo”
6. Ezra Dunhill | April 1st, 2011 at 11:00 am
Classic War Nerd! Interesting times, neh?
7. Frank Worthington III | April 1st, 2011 at 11:08 am
“French brought in themselves just before they snagglepussed out?”
Best line ever, War Nerd!
Exit, stage right. Or left, even…
Keep up your daily postings, a War Nerd article every day is like year-around Christmas.
8. Stew | April 1st, 2011 at 11:36 am
“The USA must overcome this absurd, Civil War-bred phobia about “breaking up countries”.”
Well you know we in the decrepit United Kingdom did quite a lot of breaking up countries in the past and that just worked out fine, see Ireland, India/Pakistan, Cyprus, and most of the Middle East. As those just all worked out “fine, just fine” you can see why there’s not much encouragement for doing it again.
Then again, as so many of these post-colonial countries were put together with no real ideas about the tribal clusterfucks they actually were, breaking them up again might not be a bad thing. I hope it works out for Sudan in particular, the african south needs a break, and the oil…
9. helplesscase | April 1st, 2011 at 11:52 am
Great article. The avg white American moron holds some pretty ridiculous double-standards re:Africa (if he even thinks about Africa at all).
10. TheWarTurd | April 1st, 2011 at 12:52 pm
Brecher, what are your thoughts on the 26/11 Mumbai terror attacks? Think something like this could happen in the western world and if so how will the situation be handled?
And please tell commenters to shut the fuck up and stop telling a genius like you how to do your fucking job. We’re the scum on rim of a garbage disposal–we shouldn’t have the right to do anything but shut the fuck up and read you in awe.
11. Coriolan | April 1st, 2011 at 2:16 pm
““Nkunda”—just say it like “Kunda” if you had a bad cold with a blocked nose.”
Nkunda is pronounced “N Kunda”, as if the N was the first letter of his middle name.
12. poiso | April 1st, 2011 at 2:47 pm
>The USA must overcome this absurd, Civil War-bred phobia about “breaking up countries”.<
For what it's worth, I doubt that it's a phobia-induced thing. This is more of learning from Stalin – splice a little bit of conflict into any potential enemy state. Look at Soviet Union – when it broke up, large portions of Russian heartland basically was taken out with the new states. In some cases, it's been tame. In some cases, we get South-Ossetia which split party wants to grab in a traditional "look, it's our land, let's grab it", but the local who have never actually been a part of the grabber's country, and only been made one by map redrawing done by Stalin get pissed off and start fighting back.
In this case, the small minority of muslims basically called for more and more until suddenly, they were a small-enough majority to win. And then, scenario that Gary describes above happened.
Frankly, entire Africa should have it's borders redrawn without a damn ruler. Division across ethnic lines, like most functional countries have would stop a hell of a lot of wars, and not based on "you take this many square kilometers, I take that many" colonial division. I'm still in awe that folks in the Northern Africa don't just slaughter each other systemically given their massive refugee influx from Sahara heartland (read: usable cannon fodder) and their high birthrate. Just wholesale slaughter all around.
Then again, I guess Libya, Egypt and co had a bit too high of a level of life for people to care until latest round of instigation snowballed. I guess it makes you appreciate what you have when you see poor Saharan refugees often enough in your daily life.
13. Stanislov | April 1st, 2011 at 3:31 pm
Love the daily nerd. Keep it up.
14. postman | April 1st, 2011 at 3:46 pm
For those commenters who vote on “breaking up” countries:
Thank you very much, between 1918-1920 my country, the 1000 years old Hungarian Kingdom was “broken up” and given away to our enemies by the Entente Cordiale, 2/3rd of my country’s 1000 years old territories like Transsylvania, were given away with millions of ethnic Hungarians included, without asking one single Hungarian about this, as if it was theirs to give in the first place. The evil 1920 Trianon Treaty sealed our fate. Our lands and peoples are under Romanian, Slovakian, Serbian occupation ever since. Only Mussolini and Hitler had the sense to help us re-claim our lands in the 1940s, but the US-Soviet “liberation” gave our country away again in 1945.
So, pretty please, shut the fuck up about “breaking up” countries.
And wait till Hungary resurrects, you will see war in Eastern Europe like you wouldn’t believe, and fuck NATO and EU-they are just Entente Cordiale + Small Entente + gelded Germany. It is only 90 years since Trianon, and our country was in 3 parts for 150 years when the Ottoman Empire was going strong, and still Hungary resurrected as a whole, so we are not late yet!
I believe in one God, I believe in one Fatherland, I believe in the one eternal justice of God, I believe in the resurrection of Hungary!
15. rick | April 1st, 2011 at 5:08 pm
Good to see the War Nerd stuff back.
The daily updates thing has worked so far–nothing sucked.
16. Soj | April 1st, 2011 at 7:50 pm
I, for one, enjoy all the comments saying “Yeah, let ’em rewdraw the map!” when 150 years ago the same thing should’ve happened in the USA.
17. Esn | April 1st, 2011 at 9:06 pm
Mr. Brecher, all of the links in your article are broken. They have two “http” things at the start.
18. Lawl | April 1st, 2011 at 9:17 pm
The reason the costal/inland divide becomes “specially nasty” in West Africa may have something to do with how, up till the mid-1800s, the coastal tribes waged little bush wars against the inland ones all the time for the sole purpose of capturing some poor bastards they could then sell off to the palefaces in their big boats. One can see how that might breed a little extra resentment (which, after several generations of conflict, will run just as strongly in both directions).
And as far as Gbagbo’s name goes, “gb” is a consonant sound in many West African languages that’s pretty much impossible to pronounce if you aren’t a native speaker. When used at the beginning of a word it sounds pretty much like a regular “b” to the untrained ear, but is easier to recognize when that stop is applied mid-word (hence the “bag-bo” pronunciation).
19. Down and Out of Sài Gòn | April 1st, 2011 at 9:22 pm
Language Log has a great article on the pronunciation of Gbagbo. Contra Leno, “Bagbo” is just how the French say the name.
20. foog | April 1st, 2011 at 10:40 pm
@postman
Holy mother-of-feck! I knew, I just KNEW that your tinfoil hat rantings and crazy-assed bullshit had to be coming from a Hungarian. I just KNEW it! Stupid-ass motherfuckers still hold a grudge against the Ottoman Turks fer chrissakes. Let it go, son. You’ll feel better and maybe stop seeing boogeymen around every corner.
21. J.T. Patton | April 1st, 2011 at 10:41 pm
Bravo!
There IS a place on the planet that is AS corrupt as my jungle province home- Louisiana!
22. Esn | April 1st, 2011 at 10:44 pm
Anyway, great article. I’m really enjoying these!
The Russians picked up the “W” thing from the French as well, by the way; they say it as an “ooo” sound rather than a “v” sound. Makes no sense to me.
23. wendigo | April 1st, 2011 at 10:57 pm
@14 “postman” – I don’t think anyone is talking about GIVING AWAY parts of Ivory Coast to OTHER countries, more like splitting it up into two completely NEW nations based along distinct ethnic lines.
If something similar had happened to your country in 1918-20, then Transylvania, for example, would have been made into an *independent* nation, which would have been free to re-unify whenever it so chose.
We are not proposing breaking up one ethnically united country, but rather admitting that the Ivory Coast has no business being one country in the first place. The situation is entirely different from Hungary’s. You’re trying to compare garlic to onions, man.
24. clemnorth | April 1st, 2011 at 11:33 pm
I love this shit, way too much. This daily war nerd is like mainlining after toking. Yeah!
25. TheWarTurd | April 1st, 2011 at 11:43 pm
Why on earth aren’t my comments modified?? Why do dickwads like me post the comments section in the firstplace then?? i have to take a break between jerking off in my parents house, I guess that’s why.
26. Charles de Ganahl Koch | April 1st, 2011 at 11:49 pm
Is that lead picture of a Nissan Navara? Are the minions of Carlos Ghosn about to take on all the Tacomas that have been winning (and losing) at the front? My sainted mother never had the opportunity to command either a Tacoma or Navara, or to fire an RPG straight up. She got mad cow from eating canned sardines and augered in after pouring steinhager into the SU carbs on her 1958 Volvo.
Well, that about wraps it up for today’s frontline news. We’ll have some more edgy war shit right through installment #287. Don’t none o’ yunz fall asleep.
27. Eddie | April 2nd, 2011 at 2:07 am
@postman
Dude, as someone who also has Hungarian(from Transylvania) blood in my veins, along with German and many others(they fucked like rabbits back then, and they still do) I would like say that I do not believe in this Greater Hungarian theory of yours. Neither do I believe in God or any of his so called eternal justice.
Why can’t we just accept the fact that we are all animals who like to fight, fuck and have fun. We are after all 95-98% Chimp depending on what figures you want to believe. We also share 25% of DNA with every living creature on this planet.
Now I am not saying that because we are all mostly the same we should not be fighting. Far from it. If anything we should be fighting more. But fighting for some old shit that has lost it’s meaning is just stupid. The Kingdom is gone. Accept it.
28. Marcus McSpartacus | April 2nd, 2011 at 3:24 am
Fuck Hungary! We can haz broke ur empire! HaHaHaHaHaHaHa!
29. John Figler | April 2nd, 2011 at 5:49 am
A quarter re-run, a quarter of phonetics, a quarter of French jokes and a cliffhanger?
C’mon, please…
30. acecombine | April 2nd, 2011 at 6:35 am
@14.postman
I agree..but currently we dont have an army so we have to get one first.. or at least enough weapons to equip all 14 gripens we have(atm we have 40 amraams and 40 mavericks and thats all..and some second-hand sidewinders and 500 pound dumb bombs) so yeah the situation was worse a few times in the past
31. Gosh | April 2nd, 2011 at 10:02 am
The censorship of the comments section on this column is not nearly aggressive aggressive enough.
the moderators don’t need to explain to idiots here why they don’t censor the biggest dipshits of all, such as yours truly. holding my breath for no discernible reason.
I guess the idea of redrawing the African map to anything other than what the bastard Euros left it at isn’t “politically correct” enough for this forum. Good thing that some moderator is here to protect us from the radical idea of restructuring borders to match today’s ethnic & cultural reality. We can’t have that!
Oo, did you hear that? I just went out on a limb and attacked political correctness. Oo, I’m as scary as about 100 million conservative fags in this country, because i’m not afraid to attack “political correctness” oo watch me being tough and scary everyone!
32. Fissile | April 2nd, 2011 at 11:45 am
Funny how the “primitives” and “hillbillies” always win out in the end.
The “civilized” Europeans are currently being displaced by geniuses who take orders from a violent, stupid, and emotionally stunted God who commands them to go and slit throats if anyone who so much as looks him cross eyed.
Civilized Americans, and there never were that many, are being displaced by tea-tards whose God promised them that he’ll do all the dirty work. The adherents only need gather in the NASCAR stands and they’ll be Hoovered up to paradise while the evil ones burn.
Actually, I take that back, it’s not that the near-chimp masses are winning, it’s just the life cycle in action. Mortality is not a flaw, but an unimprovable strategy through which Life keeps itself maximally efficient. America/Europe are past their “best by dates”. They are about to go down in a mass of shit and decay. Eventually something new will grow out of it.
While individual organism and societies come and go, the life cycle continues. It was nice knowing you.
33. gary | April 2nd, 2011 at 12:53 pm
did you say baggins?
34. Carpenter | April 2nd, 2011 at 4:07 pm
Great article. The avg white American moron holds some pretty ridiculous double-standards re:Africa (if he even thinks about Africa at all).
You mean the average leftist American moron, don’t you? When leftists talk about the West, it’s all “diversity is a strength!” and the more immigration from the more places, the better. But when it comes to Africa it’s the opposite: “All the conflicts happen because Westerners forced different tribes to live in the same country, and that causes war!” Why the double standard? Because the underlying standard is: Whites are always bad and they must become minorities in every country, whereas non-Whites are off the hook for anything they do.
I wonder how you would have made countries out of Africa that wouldn’t include more than one tribe. It would have been a thousand nations. In Europe, smaller tribes similar to each other could fuse and become a nation; not so in Africa, where raiding was always a bigger profession than farming.
35. ariot | April 2nd, 2011 at 6:41 pm
RE: The photo (and so many from conflict in developing countries)
I may be way off base here, but there’s a message (among many) for Americans in the photos of all the small pickup trucks improvised into warfare around the world.
We see how all these small trucks with tiny diesel motors (that last forever by the way) carry loads of heavy caliber weapons and troops. The revolutionaries use them for warfare and their livelihood.
Contrast their “make do” attitude with both the US defense proclivity for billion dollar platforms and the home-front yearning for huge pickups. (Just look how big the new 1/2 tons are compared to just a few years ago to see the growth, then check the sales charts)
I see the connection. At least I see it as a very sad commentary on the vast chasm between who we are and who we think we are.
36. Diet Koch | April 2nd, 2011 at 7:49 pm
I can only imagine Gbagbo’s dumbfoundedness at being sold out to the muslims by France.
37. abc123 | April 3rd, 2011 at 6:52 am
Write about how the UN soldiers in Afghanistan were told not to resist the attack (during the protest).
38. pinzon | April 3rd, 2011 at 4:37 pm
The funny thing is that the West is constantly reminding these poor, ethnically divided countries to reduce breeding. The first group that follows the advice loses.
39. postman | April 4th, 2011 at 10:38 am
This one is for those who said on my ramblings on 1920 Trianon Treaty and the Hungarian Kingdom, that Hungarians should get over it, accept it and get a life, let me say this: do not even try to pretend you understand tribal thinking. You understand nothing.
I am an oldschool Hungarian nationalist. My ancestors in 1940 were the first in line to move over the border into Trannsylvania, and people, that day the Virgin Mary smiled in the heavens, and that was THE DAY, and our brothers and sisters over the evil borders were crying in happiness and kissing him and those who could not kiss him kissed his horse or his machinegun, and rose petals were thrown in his way,because FREEDOM came and our FAMILIES were one again!
Since a small kid I daydream of the same, and I would DIE, right fucking now, for a chance of jumping on a tank and roll towards the Transsylvanian border to liberate our people, and I do not care if we have a chance to win or we will lose at the end, because WE HAVE NO CHOICE! This is the only honorable way! And I will teach my kids for the same! Tribal thinking is not over, and if the jews of EU or NATO, or the ones ruling over us in Budapest do not like it, they can go screw! THIS IS TRIBAL THINKING!
40. Eddie | April 4th, 2011 at 2:00 pm
@postman
I love your style. Keep that crazy dream alive. If only Erdély had more people like you.
To those that do not understand, say what my Grandfather always used to say, “szopt ki a faszomat”.
41. Marcus Anton | April 7th, 2011 at 2:20 am
@postman
Get a life man, greater hungary wasn’t a national state back then in the very same way the AH empire wasn’t a national state. Too many dissimilar nationalities with too little consideration from those ruling the place.
See, me coming from a mixed german/hungar/slovak upbringing, I can understand that there cannot be another greater Hungary no more. There’s nothing left of your dream but hatred by all parties involved.
You fucked up your chance back then in 1848, don’t try to replay the history now. Had you behaved like a rational rulers back then, there wouldn’t have been any attempts to split your tiny dysfunctional empire of yours. But no, you had to push and to push hard, you had sown the wind, you reaped the storm.
And to add the insult to the injury, if the surrounding countries were to claim the lands based on a genetic screening, there wouldn’t be even current hungary anymore. There’s next to nothing from your precious magyar genes left.
42. postman | April 8th, 2011 at 12:24 pm
Marcus Anton,
According to the advice of I.(Saint)István, our first Christian king from the House of Árpád, we always treated the foreign immigrants as valuable contributors to our Kingdom.
However, the county was ours, our country belonged to the Hungarians first and foremost. It still belongs. Unfortunately, 2/3rd of it is occupied now by the mother countries of the foreign immigrants, Romania, Slovakia, and Serbia. And let me tell you this, these immigrants were not oppressed, Hungary had such rights for the ethnic minorities in the 1800s which they will never give in these new countries to the Hungarian minorities over the tragic Trianon borders. I bet you did not know this.
And Horthy got back most of our lost territories in 20 years after 1920 Trianon Treaty. It happened once, will happen again.
And it is not “Greater Hungary”, it is called Hungarian Kingdom, normal size. In fact, what I live in today is Truncated Hungary…
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